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Judith Scott-Clayton

Senior Research Scholar

Judith Scott-Clayton is a professor of economics and education in the Department of Education Policy and Social Analysis (Economics and Education program) at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she teaches courses in labor economics and quantitative methods. She is also a faculty research fellow of the National Bureau of Economic Research. She holds a PhD in public policy from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.

Scott-Clayton has led CCRC projects relating to the accuracy of remedial placement exams and the use of high school achievement data to improve the placement process; the impacts of assignment to remediation on subsequent coursetaking, grades, and degree completion; the cost of running a placement exam system; and the importance of structured pathways for community college student success. In addition, Scott-Clayton is a nationally recognized expert on financial aid policy and research.

For the Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment (CAPSEE), Scott-Clayton led projects examining the impact of financial aid for community college students, the national impact of the Federal Work-Study program, and the labor market returns to postsecondary education.

Scott-Clayton served as a monthly contributor to The New York Times Economix blog and has appeared on CNN, NPR, and PBS. Her research has been cited in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Chronicle of Higher Education, and she has testified before the U.S. Senate regarding the impact of financial aid and the need to simplify the federal student aid system.

December 2024

The Net Benefits of Raising Bachelor’s Degree Completion Through CUNY’s ACE Program

This Center on Poverty and Social Policy working paper estimates the incremental long-run benefits and costs of participation in CUNY’s Accelerate, Complete, and Engage program, aimed at increasing bachelor’s completion rates.
February 2024

Heterogeneity in Labor Market Returns to Master’s Degrees: Evidence from Ohio

This Annenberg Institute working paper provides up-to-date causal evidence on labor market returns to master’s degrees and examines heterogeneity in the returns by field area, student demographics, and initial labor market conditions.
December 2022

The Effect of Job Displacement on College Enrollment: Evidence From Ohio

Using employer-employee-student matched administrative data from Ohio, this paper provides the first direct evidence of workers' enrollment responses following mass layoffs in the United States.
May 2022

The Fine Print on Free College: Who Benefits From New York’s Excelsior Scholarship?

Using data on students enrolled in two- and four-year colleges of the City University of New York, this essay assesses the distribution of benefits of the scholarship program in terms of who qualifies for, receives, and renews awards.
August 2020

Labor Market Trajectories for Community College Graduates: New Evidence Spanning the Great Recession

This paper examines returns to terminal associate degrees and certificates up to 11 years after students initially entered a community college in Ohio. The authors use an individual fixed-effects approach that controls for students’ pre-enrollment earnings and allows the returns to credential completion to vary over time.
March 2019

Performance Standards in Need-Based Student Aid

This paper illustrates student responses to Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) requirements as well as the tradeoffs faced by a social planner weighing whether to set performance standards in the context of need-based aid.
June 2018

What Accounts for Gaps in Student Loan Default, and What Happens After

This Brookings Institution report uses data from the U.S. Department of Education to examine whether disparities in student loan default rates by race/ethnicity and institution sector can be explained by other factors, along with what happens after a default and whether this also varies across student subgroups.
January 2018

The Looming Student Loan Crisis Is Worse Than We Thought

In this Brookings report, the author analyzes new data on student debt and repayment released by the U.S. Department of Education in October 2017. The author then provides five key findings based on this analysis.
September 2017

Thinking “Beyond the Box”: The Use of Criminal Records in College Admissions

In this Brookings report, the author examines the policy landscape and reviews available evidence to assess the potential benefits and costs of thinking beyond the box in college admissions. The author then offers six key findings that have emerged from this review.
September 2017

Simplifying and Modernizing Pell Grants to Maximize Efficiency and Impact

With the goal of informing federal higher education policy decisions, this brief for the Urban Institute suggests federal student aid reform that simplifies the eligibility and application process.
June 2017

Federal Work-Study: Past Its Prime, or Ripe for Renewal?

This Brookings report discusses what role the Federal Work-Study program might have in a modern “college completion and career readiness” agenda.
April 2017

Lessons From the End of Free College in England

This report examines the consequences of ending free college in England, and considers what lessons may be drawn for the U.S. policy conversation.
April 2017

Undergraduate Financial Aid in the United States

This paper provides an overview of undergraduate financial aid to inform discussions of the future of undergraduate education in the United States and the role of financial aid within it.
March 2017

Performance Requirements in Need-Based Aid: What Roles Do They Serve, and Do They Work?

Based on recent CAPSEE studies in two states, this brief discusses the motivations for satisfactory academic progress requirements for federal aid, examines how community college students are affected, and assesses the implications for program efficiency and equity.
March 2017

Does the Federal Work-Study Program Really Work—and for Whom?

This brief discusses current research, including CAPSEE analysis, regarding both the effectiveness of the Federal Work-Study (FWS) program and its equity in terms of the distribution of funds.
March 2017

The Impact of Pell Grant Eligibility on Community College Students’ Financial Aid Packages, Labor Supply, and Academic Outcomes

Using an administrative data set from one state, this paper examines the effects of receiving a modest Pell Grant on financial aid packages, labor supply while in school, and academic outcomes for community college students.
January 2017

Estimating Returns to College Attainment: Comparing Survey and State Administrative Data Based Estimates

This CAPSEE working paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to provide new, nationally representative, non-experimental estimates of the returns to degrees, as well as to assess the possible limitations of single-state, administrative-data-based estimates.
December 2016

Pell Grants as Performance-Based Aid? An Examination of Satisfactory Academic Progress Requirements in the Nation’s Largest Need-Based Aid Program

This CAPSEE working paper examines the prevalence and consequences of Pell Grant recipients’ failure to meet the standards for satisfactory academic progress required for grant renewal.
December 2016

Labor Market Outcomes and Postsecondary Accountability: Are Imperfect Metrics Better Than None?

This NBER working paper uses state administrative data and unemployment records to construct a variety of possible institution-level labor market outcome metrics to explore how sensitive institutional ratings are to the choice of labor market metric, length of follow-up, and inclusion of adjustments for student characteristics.
October 2016

Black-White Disparity in Student Loan Debt More Than Triples After Graduation

In this report for Brookings, Judith Scott-Clayton lays out a new analysis that shows that the gap in student debt between Black and White bachelor's degree earners triples in the four years after graduation.
August 2016

Financial Aid, Debt Management, and Socioeconomic Outcomes: Post-College Effects of Merit-Based Aid

This paper utilizes two complementary quasi-experimental strategies to identify causal effects of the WV PROMISE scholarship, a broad-based state merit aid program, up to 10 years post–college entry and examine important outcomes that have not previously been examined, including homeownership, neighborhood characteristics, and financial management.
July 2016

Early Labor Market and Debt Outcomes for Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: Heterogeneity by Institution Type and Major, and Trends Over Time

Using national data on baccalaureate recipients in 1993 and 2008, this CAPSEE working paper examines labor market and debt outcomes four years after students graduate, with a focus on exploring heterogeneity by institution type and major, as well as trends over time.
May 2016

Tax Benefits for College Attendance

This NBER working paper outlines tax-based student aid programs and assesses their impact on student behavior
December 2015

Improving College Access in the United States: Barriers and Policy Responses

In this National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) working paper, the authors describe the barriers that students face during the transition to college and review the evidence on potential policy solutions.
July 2015

Improving the Accuracy of Remedial Placement

This practitioner packet summarizes CCRC’s research on remedial placement at community colleges and considers how including students’ high school transcript information in the assignment process could improve placement accuracy.
July 2015

Should Student Employment Be Subsidized? Conditional Counterfactuals and the Outcomes of Work-Study Participation

Using two waves of the Beginning Postsecondary Student survey, this paper provides the first national estimates of the effect of the Federal Work-Study program on students' academic and labor market outcomes.
May 2015

Calculating the Costs of Remedial Placement Testing

This publication presents findings on the costs of remedial placement testing at three colleges, and it provides guidance on how other colleges could undertake similar analyses.
September 2014

Remedial Placement Testing in Community Colleges: What Resources Are Required, and What Does It Cost?

Using detailed data from three community colleges, the authors of this study employ the ingredients method to estimate the costs to colleges and students of remedial placement systems at community college.
September 2014

Improving the Targeting of Treatment: Evidence From College Remediation

This paper uses administrative data and a rich predictive model to examine the accuracy of remedial screening tests, used either with or instead of high school transcript data to determine remedial assignment.
October 2013

Redesigning the Pell Grant Program for the Twenty-First Century

In this discussion paper, the authors argue that the time has come to comprehensively redesign the Pell program, and they propose three major structural reforms to the Pell Grant program.
May 2013

Financial Aid Policy: Lessons From Research

This article reviews the evidence on various student aid programs and their effects on college enrollment, persistence, and completion and discusses the implications of these findings for aid policy.
February 2013

Characterizing the Effectiveness of Developmental Education: A Response to Recent Criticism

In response to a journal article questioning CCRC’s claims about the effectiveness of developmental education, this essay discusses methodological concerns and other issues that may be a source of confusion.
August 2012

Development, Discouragement, or Diversion? New Evidence on the Effects of College Remediation

This paper finds that remediation does little to develop students' skills but does not discourage initial enrollment or persistence, except among students identified as potentially misassigned.
February 2012

Do High-Stakes Placement Exams Predict College Success?

This paper analyzes the predictive validity of one of the most commonly used placement exams using data on over 42,000 first-time entrants in a large, urban community college system.
February 2012

What Explains Trends in Labor Supply Among U.S. Undergraduates, 1970-2009?

This National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) working paper examines working patterns among traditional-age college students from 1970–2009, considers several explanations for the long-term trend of rising employment, and examines whether the upward trend is likely to resume when economic conditions improve.
December 2011

The Causal Effect of Federal Work-Study Participation

This journal article uses administrative data from West Virginia to provide the first quasi-experimental estimates of the effect of the Federal Work Study (FWS) program.
November 2011

Assessing Developmental Assessment in Community Colleges (Assessment of Evidence Series)

This paper examines the role of entry assessment and its implementation, the validity of common assessments, and emerging directions in assessment policy and practice.
June 2011

On Money and Motivation: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of Financial Incentives for College Achievement

This paper uses a quasi-experimental approach to identify causal effects of West Virginia's PROMISE scholarship program, which offers free tuition to students who maintain a minimum GPA and course load.
April 2011

Institutional Variation in Credential Completion: Evidence From Washington State Community and Technical Colleges

This paper uses administrative data from Washington State to compare the outcomes of young career-technical students across both technical colleges and comprehensive community colleges
January 2011

The Shapeless River: Does a Lack of Structure Inhibit Students’ Progress at Community Colleges? (Assessment of Evidence Series)

Evidence from behavioral economics and psychology lends support for the idea that students are more likely to persist and succeed in programs with highly structured paths to completion.
April 2017

Plenary Session: Does Society Invest Wisely in College?

Recent Publications

December 2024

The Net Benefits of Raising Bachelor’s Degree Completion Through CUNY’s ACE Program

February 2024

Heterogeneity in Labor Market Returns to Master’s Degrees: Evidence from Ohio

December 2022

The Effect of Job Displacement on College Enrollment: Evidence From Ohio

May 2022

The Fine Print on Free College: Who Benefits From New York’s Excelsior Scholarship?

Recent Presentations

April 2017

Plenary Session: Does Society Invest Wisely in College?

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