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Examining the Effectiveness of Online Learning Within a Community College System: An Instrumental Variable Approach

By Di Xu & Shanna Smith Jaggars
Using a large administrative dataset from a statewide community college system, the authors employed an instrumental variable technique to estimate the impact of online versus face-to-face course delivery on student course performance, as indicated by course persistence and final course grade. To control for self-selection bias, the distance from each student’s home to the student’s college campus was used as an instrument for the likelihood of enrolling in an online section of a given course. Course fixed effects were added to the instrumental variable model to compare students who took different sections of the same course with different delivery formats, potentially controlling for within- and between-course selection bias. Analyses yield robust negative estimates for online learning in terms of both course persistence and course grade. These results suggest that policymakers and college administrators may need to improve the quality of online learning before enacting policies that would incentivize an accelerated expansion of online enrollments. A journal article based on this paper, titled “The Impact of Online Learning on Students’ Course Outcomes: Evidence From a Large Community and Technical College System,” was published in the Economics of Education Review, vol. 37. The results presented in the article are slightly different from those in the original paper.
Download CCRC Working Paper No. 56
April 2013
View article (subscription may be required)
December 2013
  • Online Courses in Community Colleges

Related Publications

September 2014

Adaptability to Online Learning: Differences Across Types of Students and Academic Subject Areas

October 2013

Role Ambiguity in Online Courses: An Analysis of Student and Instructor Expectations

July 2013

Book Review: “Higher Education in the Digital Age”

Additional Resources

For more policy briefs and fact sheets, visit CCRC’s Policy Resources page.

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